The Skinwalker

Folklore concerning the Skinwalker belongs to a south-western Native American tribe called the Navajo. Put simply, skinwalkers are shape-shifting witches who are believed to cause harm through various supernatural means. Similar creatures do exist amongst varying Native American tribes, along with across the world in varying cultures; one such example being demonstrated in North mythology. Due to the belief that Skinwalkers often transform into wolves, this has led to them being thought of in the same category as werewolves; however, this is not the case. Where a werewolf typically cannot control when they transform, or what they transform into; a skinwalker has complete control over when it transforms, and it is not limited regarding what it can become.

History

There is no known date as to when tales and sightings of the Skinwalker first occured. Through the internet, there are also varying details about exactly what a skinwalker is, how to protect yourself against one, and how one can be killed; if at all. This article will be an amalgamation of what people have said regarding skinwalkers, and it will attempt to point out slight variations amongst different tribes and cultures. It seems the Skinwalker originated in Southwest America and is something which predominantly belongs to the Navajo tribe's folklore. According to the Navajo people, a Skinwalker was once a medicine man but they were corrupted by their own power fell into a practice known as the 'Witchery Way'; this being a form of Navajo witchcraft which focuses on malevolent practices which contrast with the healing and protective spiritual traditions. I have found that the Navajo belief system is apparently known as Diné Bahane. This is a recognition of two paths; the Holy way and the witchcraft way, also known as the Witchery Way. Those who choose the Witchery Way use these powers for personal gain or revenge.

It seems there is variation regarding both how solitary a Skinwalker is and how someone becomes a Skinwalker. It's consistent that it involves the Witchery Way, but some people say that there is an initiation or ceremony which an individual must perform in order to become a Skinwalker. Another consistent detail is that someone can become a Skinwalker by commiting a heinous act such as killing a family member. This act gives them supernatural powers which vary amongst sources, but the one consistent power is the ability to shape-shift into any animal of their choosing. This power allows them to shift between human and animal at will, and they are thought to often become coyotes, wolves, foxes, bears, and birds. In terms of how solitary they are, people say they do not have traditional family units and are outcasts who are rejected and dreaded for their actions, which means they are predominantly solitary. However, there is a possibility of them forging alliances with fellow practitioners of the Witchery Way.

It has been said that the Skinwalkers can have a leader and that this is usually an old man who is a very powerful and long-lived Skinwalker. Along with this, apparently there is an evil society of witches who meet in dark caves to do rituals, plot, and perform ceremonies. These witches are said to live on the unexpired lives of their victims and if they don't kill, then they will die. It's said some can call up the spirits of the dead and reanimated their corpses to attack enemies. These particular Skinwalkers also can control the creatures of the night such as wolves and owls, appear infront of vehicles in the hope of causing an accident, and can read minds. They've also been said to peer through windows, knock on windows, bang on walls, and cause a scrape sound on roofs.

As for the witches, those who use their powers to travel in animal form are called yee naaldlooshii. A practitioner of the Witchery Way, of which there are multiple types, is referred to as an 'ánt'iihnii. I've found 'ánt'iihnii to also be spelled as 'ánti'jhnii in a source. A yee naaldlooshii is one of the types of 'ánt'iihnii, and I have also found it be spelt 'yenaaldlooshi', 'Yee Naaldlooshi', and 'Yeenaaldlooshii' amongst sources. The name for those who travel in animal form translates to 'with it, he goes on all fours'. I have found slight variations in this translation being 'by means of it, it goes on all fours', and 'he who walks on all fours'. As I am not from Navajo culture, I do not know which of the spelling variations or alternative translations are correct.

Sometimes, due to often being depicted as turning into wolves with no other powers, the Skinwalker is reduced to being a werewolf in discussions and horror media. They are also commonly placed in the dogman and wolfman category of Cryptids by settlers. However, they are not werewolves as they are commonly said to transform into other animals at will, plus they are said to possess the power of mimicry. They are also believed to have great speed, strength, and stealth; plus, some believe they have other abilities such as mind control, weather control, and can manipulate shadows. Regarding their mimicry ability, it's said a Skinwalker can mimic the voice or appearance of other humans or animals in order to deceive or harm.

The animal a Skinwalker transforms into depends on their needs. For example; if they need strength, they become a bear. The transformation involves mastering the use of dark magic. This dark magic includes shape-shifting, but it's also believed a Skinwalker can cast harmful spells or curses to harm others with it too. This dark magic can also be used to manipulate others. Skinwalkers are often blamed in Navajo culture when things go wrong. Examples of this include crop failures, illnesses, misfortunes, and unexplained deaths. It is a Navajo myth that Skinwalkers will dig up bones and use them to make charms and spells. More specifically, it's said they create a pollen from ground human infant bones and when this is sprinkled on Navajo families, it causes sickness, social problems, and death.

Some people believe that Skinwalkers can use the spit, hair, shoes, and old clothing of a person to create curses that will attack the person those items belonged to. As a result, the Navajo are said to never spit or leave their shoes outside and they take care to burn any hair or nail clippings. It's also been said that Skinwalkers can travel through magical doors between worlds, one of which is apparently in Upper Antelope Canyon; however, modern stories and few sources discuss the involvement of portals regarding Skinwalker folklore. A type of spirit known as a 'Chindi' is associated with shapeshifting and vengeful spirits of the dead, and this is sometimes intertwined with interpretations of Skinwalkers.

Regarding what Skinwalkers look like and where to find one, they are mostly adult men; however, both men and women can be witches in Navajo culture and there is no age limit as there have apparently been many sightings of child Skinwalkers. They are also said to often be found around graveyards and seem to enjoy spending time around the dead. Skinwalkers are also said to reside around Native American reservations and are sometimes accompanied by the smell of rotting flesh. They are most active at night and often target travellers, campers, and those who are alone in remote areas. They are said to have a particular hatred for children, and some stories say they kidnap and eat children. This is quite possibly related to the stories of the Skinwalkers using human infant bones to make a pollen.

People have described Skinwalkers as 'hollowed out' dog-like animals. They are also believed to shout commonly used phrases such as 'hello', 'hey', and 'help' to get attention. Their movements are said to be jerky and they repeat their actions such as repeating the same phrase with the same tone of voice over and over again. Some are depicted in a more humanoid guise with grotesquely twisted bodies and their skin being an unsettling pale or having a sickly grey hue. Detecting one is said to be tough as they blend with their surroundings and shape-shift. People say that you can tell you're in the presence of one due to their eyes. It's said if you shine a light on one while they're in animal form, their eyes will glow a bright red. It's also said that when in human form, their eyes seem animal-like and when in animal form, their eyes seem human. Some people believe that unusual animal behaviour, such as animals behaving in an odd way or having glowing eyes, is a sign that the animal is a Skinwalker.

It is also believed that many Skinwalkers move in unnatural or distorted ways, and are mostly animalistic physically, even when they are in human form. They are also said to cause feelings of intense fear or unease when they are near. Due to the Skinwalker's ability to mimic, people often associate hearing voices or animals mimicing humans with the presence of a Skinwalker. A complete description is that Skinwalkers have glowing eyes, matted fur, and am appearance which is both twisted and hunched over. They are also believed to be highly intelligent and cunning; likely because they are medicine men who were brought into the Witchery Way by means of killing a close relative, likely a sibling, or by commiting a crime such as grave-robbing or necrophilia. Skinwalkers are also thought to be incredibly fast to the point where they can run alongside moving cars. They can also run huge distances in animal form.

It's been said that Skinwalkers are specific to Navajo culture and their beliefs. It's also been said that athough the origins are unclear, people believe they date back hundreds or possibly even thousands of years. Some theories have suggested that the concept of Skinwalkers may have originated in ancient European folklore as shape-shifters are often depicted as witches or other supernatural creatures. One such example of this can be found in Norse mythology. According to this mythology, there is a type of person who can travel in the shape of an animal and learn secrets or take the characteristics of an animal. The person with these abilities is said to be wearing an animal's hide and the most well-known example is that is of someone who takes the strength and stamina of a bear. These people are known as 'bear shirt' or 'ber sarkur'. This is where the origins of the word 'berserker' came from.

Also according to the Norse versions of the folklore, there were also wolf based warriors called 'ulfhođnar' or 'wolf coats'. Aside from the battle rage which the animal spirit granted, it also gave the ability for the person to send out their soul in the form of their animal in a practice called 'hamfarir' or 'shape-journey'. According to Norse mythology, there was a hero called Sigmund. Sigmund and his son, called Sinfiolti, became the Norse version of Skinwalkers for a short time after discovering two magic wolf skins which turned them into wolves when they wore them. When Sigmund and his son became overcome by their animal instincts and began fighting over meat, Sigmund nearly killed his son. After this, they both decided to burn the wolf skins.

This Norse version is similar to one account of Navajo tradition. Apparently the medicine man has to be wearing an animal skin in order to transform into that animal. The wearing of animal skins is apparently where the name 'Skinwalker' comes from. They may also wear animal skulls or other antlers on their head to enhance their power. The Navajo consider it taboo to wear the pelt of any predatory animal, and so they will only wear sheepskin, leather, or buckskin. This folklore also says they can control and manipulate the natural world to their will and they can possess both people and animals. Some people say this possession occurs if a Skinwalker locks eyes with a person, and then they can control the person's body to do things they wouldn't normally do.

Versions of Skinwalkers do exist amongst other Native American tribes; these being the Pueblo, Apache, Hopi, and Ute. Sources have said the Hopi believe someone becomes a Skinwalker when they break a cultural taboo or undergo a ritual. This is similar to other sources which have said social transgressions and the breaking of a tribal taboo can cause for anyone to become a Skinwalker. Apparently the Ute believe that Skinwalkers have powers such as mind-reading, weather control, that they cause illness and death, and that they can bring curses to those who have done foul deeds. The Ute are also said to believe Skinwalkers are most active at night and are found near rivers and streams. They also believe it's best to avoid Skinwalkers, but if one is encountered then you need to confront them with confidence and show no fear. It's also been said the Ute believe Skinwalkers mimic the sounds of animals and are heard before they are seen.

There are slightly varying details about how a Skinwalker can be killed, if at all. Apparantly the Ute belive that bullets or knives dipped or rubbed with white ash can get rid of them, plus may kill one, and others think that a bow and arrow made from a juniper tree is the only solution. Other sources have said that even well-seasoned Skinwalkers cannot obtain the perfect animal gait or leave the proportionally correct sized animal tracks, and so you can try to discover their human identity. Some believe finding their human identity is the only way to defeat them. These sources say the Skinwalker can be tracked to their home, or can be spotted in human form through a visible injury they sustained while in animal form. If a Navajo knows the person who is a Skinwalker, they then say '(Name), you are a Skinwalker!'. Then, roughly three days later, the person who is a Skinwalker either gets sick or dies from the wrong they've done.

It is also believed that a Skinwalker is almost impossible to catch and get rid of, plus they inflict pain. Some say that to get rid of one, a powerful shaman is needed who knows the right spells and incantations which will get the Skinwalker to turn on itself. A blessing from a medicine man can provide some protection too as they are recognised as the only people who can effectively combat the dark magic the Skinwalkers possess. Aside traditional faith-healers performing ceremonies and rituals for protection, it's also thought if a person goes out at night then they can cover their body with corn pollen, cedar ash, or juniper berries to protect themselves. Some more information regarding the bullets dipped in white ash says you must shoot the witch in the neck or the hand to kill them. Other sources have said neck or head, and so 'hand' may have been a spelling error from some sources.

Despite the term 'witch' being used to usually describe women in other cultures, it is important to remember that in Navajo culture it mostly describes men. It is also important to remember that despite it being said Skinwalkers are specific to Navajo cultures, there are examples of shape-shifters in cultures around the world. Examples, aside the previously discussed Norse version, are Pukwudgies, Werewolves, Tlăloc, Selkies, Nagual, and Vampires. In a 1944 book titled 'Navaho Witchcraft', a noted anthropologist called Clyde Kluckhohn explored the magical traditions of the contemporary Navajo people. His book examined the 'influencing events by supernatural techniques that are socially disproved'.

Clyde noted that English-language translations like 'witchcraft' are useful shorthand, but not perfect. Due to this, similarities can be drawn between real or imagined European witches and Skinwalkers, but the Navajo spirit world is unique. Clyde also interviewed Navajo people and pieced together general descriptions of the various forms of witchcraft which exist in Navajo legend. He described Skinwalkers as secret witches, most of which are male, who creep out in the night to take the form of swift-moving animals like wolves and coyotes. One particular Skinwalker sighting, unrelated to Clyde's work, has said "my uncle and cousin saw a large deer on the side of the road. When they got closer it hopped over the fence like a bipedal man". Apparently Skinwalker accounts are often like this one where it's said people have seen animals walk on their hind legs.

There have been many accounts of sightings and many stories which debunk those stories. Someone once claimed to have seen a Skinwalker in New Mexico and the image went viral on Facebook. The truth eventually emerged that the image had come from a film. During 1987, the Skinwalker was used as a defence in a murder trial in Flagstaff, Arianna when the body of a forty year old Navajo woman, called Sarah Saganitso, was found behind the hospital where she worked. George Abney, a former English professor at Northern Arianna University, was arrested and taken to trial. The defence was that a Skinwalker had killed her because she was Navajo and was found with a broken stick across her throat, plus a clump of graveyard grass was found near her truck. It was claimed this was evidence of a Skinwalker ritual, but Abney was found guilty. He was then acquitted a year later.

A Navajo writer has said: "They curse people and cause great suffering and death... At night, their eyes glow like hot coals. It is said that if you see the face of a Naagloshii, they have to kill you. If you see one and know who it is, they will die. If you see them and don't know them, they have to kill you to keep you from finding out who they are. They use a mixture that some call corpse powder, which they will blow into your face. Your tongue turns black and you go into convulsions and you eventually die. They are known to use evil spirits in their ceremonies. The Diné have learned ways to protect themselves against this evil and one has to always be on guard".

Since Clyde Kluckhohn's book, other anthropologists have studied and written about Skinwalker beliefs. In a 1984 book, titled 'Some Kind of Power', Margaret K. Brady explored the social importance of Skinwalker stories among Navajo children. She discussed how the tales functioned to both serve as childhood ghost stories and to echo contemporary Navajo cultural concerns; something which folklore concerning the Wendigo also does. In the 2016 book 'Upward, Not Sunwise', the anthropologist Kimberly Jenkins Marshall discussed the way Skinwalker accounts and beliefs factored into neo-pentecostal Navajo communities. Some had converted to Christianity, but still maintained a belief in Skinwalkers. Marshall explored how traditional beliefs survive in the face of cultural rupture.

Within a journal article from 2007, titled 'Watching Navajos Watch Themselves', the anthropologist Sam Pack examined the way often-flawed media representations of Navajo culture clashed with cultural understanding of what it means to be a Navajo. This included looking at the 2002 film titled 'Skinwalkers'. Pack wrote that the Navajo viewers he interviewed which had seen 'Skinwalkers' generally seemed to enjoy the film despite cultural and linguistic inaccuracies. Pack also said "this does not mean that the Navajo respondents in my study did not challenge the rights of both Anglos and non-Navajos to undertake such films". 'Skinwalkers' was helped by the Cheyenne/Arapaho tribe member Chris Eyre and starred a predominantly Native American cast, although non were Navajo.

Other media versions of Skinwalkers have come about at the hands of non-Native people. During 2016, J. K. Rowling, the author of the Harry Potter franchise, gained criticism for including an altered version of the Skinwalker in her online series 'History of Magic in North America'. Critics have said the series reduced an important and interconnected part of Nativs belief to be a prop in an Anglo-centric story. However, despite criticism of these works there has also been praise for other works. Tony Hillerman was awarded the 'Navajo Special Friends of the Dineh Award' during 1991. He frequently wrote about Navajo culture and their cultural values. During 1986, he wrote a detective novel titled 'Skinwalkers'. The 2002 film of the same title is based on this book.

There have been a number of media adaptations of the Skinwalker. During 2021 there was a film titled 'Skinwalker', and there was also a game titled 'Skinwalker Hunt'. A second game also exists called 'Skinwalkers'. Another book which exists is titled 'Skinwalkers, Shapeshifters and Native American Curses'. This book was by Gary and Wendy Swanson and goes back to the lore, acting as a compendium of personal encounters with creatures and curses releated to Native American culture. As discussed previously, some interpretations of the Skinwalker are inaccurate. This was shown in a 2017 episode of 'Ghost Adventures' which aired on the Travel Channel. According to ICT News, one source said:

"We were appalled by the ridiculous conjecture in 'Ghost Adventures'. There was a staged fire with an animal skull, feather and bullet and bizarre explanations from white men who come to 'get' the story that fit their series. It was like people told them the craziest things and they gobbled it up, or worse yet, they made it up. The references to a phoenix found in the cave and the arch as a gateway to evil are not from our culture. I wonder if the Navajo people in that episode knew what the producers were conjuring up. It was laughable and sad - an amateurish, negative representation of Navajo culture".

A very real event which some have traced the Skinwalker legend in Navajo culture back to occured during 1864 and is known as 'the long walk of the Navajo'. During this event, the Navajo were expelled from their land and were forced to March to the Bosque Redondo, also known as Fort Sumner, in New Mexico. People suffered and numbers dramatically dropped due to bad water, crop failure, and illness. The government admitted they had made a mistake, and so the Navajo were allowed to return to their homeland. During these years, many tribe members are said to have turned to shapeshifting to escape their horrible conditions. Others have been more extreme when describing this and have said they shapeshifted to escape the horror of living under the torture of the white man. In animal form, they could not be captured by soldiers.

Following this event and the Navajo's return to their homeland, accusations of witchcraft and the hunting of Skinwalkers began as they felt their gods had abandoned them. During 1878, the 'Navajo witch purge' occured and forty suspected Navajo witches were killed in order to restore harmony and balance to the tribe. In reality, the Skinwalker legend may be down to infrasound or hallucinogenic plants. Infrasound is a low frequency sound wave which can cause feelings of unease and fear in humans; things associated with being in the presence of a Skinwalker. As for the plants, vivid audio and visual hallucinations could possibly be interpreted as encounters with supernatural beings such as Skinwalkers.

Aside the folklore discussing the witches and their ability to 'steal' your face, absorb itself into you, and control your actions, there is also a location named after the Skinwalker. This was covered in a 2020 tv series called 'Curse of Skinwalker Ranch', but it was first discussed in a 1996 newspaper story. This story said that Terry Sherman encountered a wolf three times bigger than a normal one, eighteen months after he moved onto the ranch, while walking his dogs. The wolf had glowing red eyes and was unfazed when Terry fired three close-range shots into it. The ranch, called Skinwalker Ranch, borders the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation located in Utah. This location has also been referred to as the Sherman Ranch and is said to have lots of strange phenomena occur there.

Tales of the ranch led to a book called 'Hunt for the Skinwalker', a documentary of the same name, and a History Channel series called 'The Secret of Skinwalker Ranch'. The location was dubbed as Skinwalker Ranch in reference to the Navajo legends. The ranch covers 512 acres in the Uintah Basin and the unexplained phenomena includes UFO sightings and livestock mutilations. During 1996, the Sherman family sold the ranch to a billionaire called Robert Bigelow. Robert was significantly interested in the paranormal and established the National Institute for Discovery Science (NIDS) to investigate the paranormal incidents of Skinwalker Ranch.

During 2016, Robert sold the ranch to Brandon Fugal. During 2021, Austin Craig wrote the following in Techbuzz: "From encounters with mythical animals, to numerous cattle mutilations, poltergeist activity, crop circles, sightings of glowing orbs and even flying saucers, virtually everything you might call 'paranormal' has been reported at the ranch and surrounding properties". Brandon Fugal has said the property has a 100-year history of paranormal activity, and this includes Skinwalker sightings. The Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservations are home to the Ute tribe and they will alledgedly not go near Skinwalker Ranch.

At one point, the Ute enslaved some of the Navajo people and also joined the U.S troops against the Navajo during the civil war. As a result, the Navajo were expelled from their lands in the Four Corners area and returned later. The Ute believe the Navajo cursed them for this, and left shapeshifters amongst them because of their vile actions. Another origin for the Skinwalker is that they were a tradition started by poorer communities. Skinwalkers would dress up in their ceremonial dress and knock on doors. Richer people would leave something outside for them, but as offerings were reduced over time, this led to resentment. As a result, it's believed they now exist as hateful people out for revenge.

Going back to Skinwalker Ranch, Fugal said he bought the ranch not believing he would see anything, but apparently six months later he saw 'UFO activity' in broad daylight. It seems since 1996, all of the ranch owners have reported strange occurances. There is a traditional belief that speaking about Skinwalkers brings bad luck and increases the liklihood of one appearing. Due to this, in truth, little is known about the Skinwalker. It's a creature unique to Navajo folklore and the Navajo people are reluctant to discuss it with both outsiders and one another.

My Thoughts

Firstly I want to emphasise that I am not from Navajo culture, and so this information is purely what I've been able to find online. There are likely bits and pieces from various tribes and cultures which have been intertwined, but I tried my best to distinguish what bits were from where. As for my thoughts on the Skinwalker, I think bits are true and bits aren't true. I absolutely believe there could be people wearing animal skins who claim to perform dark rituals which grant them the speed or strength of a chosen animal. I also think that they've been seen to transform into these animals through hallucinogenic plants. I do not believe it is physically possible though. I think, in reality, Skinwalkers are a very human thing which have been elevated to the folklore reported.

I also agree that, such as with the Wendigo folklore, the Skinwalker folklore could exist as a lesson for Navajo children regarding morality. This is shown through the folklore warning against commiting taboo acts. When it comes to the concepts of portals, which I'm unsure on if they belong to Navajo folklore, I don't think they exist. I think this has come from the imagination of people who have looked and seen something in the outline of a rock which resembles a door. Again, the portals could be a result of hallucinogenic plants.

As for Skinwalker Ranch, I was incredibly reluctant to discuss it. It seems people are quick to report on UFO activity in relation to the ranch instead of Skinwalker sightings, and UFOs are not something I will cover on this database. I was hesitant to cover Skinwalkers at all as I only want to cover things in connection to an afterlife, and as Skinwalkers are witches who are very-much-so alive; I wasn't sure they would fit the bill as they tend to fall into the cryptid category. However, their magic can apparently involve spiritual involvement and they can apparently possess people, so I felt this was enough to discuss them. Plus, I've seen them be compared to elementals, and I want to clear up if this is appropriate or if they are completely distinct. So far, I believe they are distinct; but this is without properly researching elementals and their history. As I've covered Skinwalkers, I will probably do an article dedicated to Skinwalker Ranch one day. However, with only knowing what has been discussed in this article, I currently do not believe there is going to be much at all to the ranch aside from people wanting to profit from publicity.

Thank You!

Thank you for reading this article! It has sadly been published a couple of days later than intended, but I didn't expect there to be so much information on a topic where it's said the Navajo people rarely discuss it. This leads me to question a good portion of what I've written, but what you've read in this article is what people have reported to be the case. The next article should hopefully be published on Monday the 27th of January and will document a haunted location in Greater Manchester. The following article will be published on Friday the 31st of January and will be either a word list analysis or the next journal entry. That one will depend on when I publish the location article, and so I will confirm at the end of that location article.

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Sources I Have Used

1. How Stuff Works

2. Sky History

3. Denver Public Library

4. History

5. All That's Interesting

6. Navajo Mike's

7. Paranormal Investigation

8. Medium

9. Utah.com

10. Podcasts

11. Legends of America